Difference between revisions of "Dead wood"

Latest revision as of 15:08, 21 March 2016

Languages:

[[::Dead wood|English]] • [[::Dead wood/sv|svenska]]

Result variables for dead wood

The calculated occurence of dead wood volumes and carbon in dead wood is presented in the Dead Wood Results group. Occurrence of carbon in dead wood is also presented in the Carbon and Nitrogen result group.

Decay classes

The decay classes are defined according to Swedish NFI data (NEBRYTNINGSG)

Name	Value	Description
Raw	0	Wood hard. Green foliage is remaining, or vascular cambium is raw.
Hard	1	More than 90 % of the stem volume consists of hard wood. The stems is very little affected by decomposing organsims.
Slightly decomposed	2	10-25 % of the stem volume consists of soft wood.
Decomposed	3	26-75 of the stem volume consists of soft wood.
Very Decomposed	4	76-100 % of the stem volume consists of soft wood.

In Heureka the allocation of dead wood to different decay classes are based on calculated density, which depends on volume and biomass that are subject to different decay rate (see next section).

Decay rates for dead wood

Dead wood is continuously supplied from the mortality calculated. The presence of dead wood in a certain period of time is partly due to mortality during the latest period, and the decay rate of the existing dead wood in the previous period. Dead wood is classified into different decay classes depending on the calculated density ^[1]. Five decay classes are reported as results, but internally in the system ten density classes are used (each accounting class divided into two subclasses) to increase the degree of detail in the decay calculations. The density is calculated as the ratio between the dead wood biomass (dry matter) and its volume. This is done for each density class (divided into species groups of spruce, pine and leaf). In every time period, a new quota is caluclated for each class, which means that the volume in a class can be transferred to a new decay class from one period to the next.

The decay functions have the following form:

$V_t = V_{t_0} \cdot (1-a) e^{-k(t-t_0)}$

where
V_t = volume at time t,
t₀ = year when the tree died,
V_t₀ = tree volume when the tree died (excluding branches, stumps and roots),
a = proportion of the tree that died during the period that is collected. Note that each tree is handled as a type tree with a weight for the number of trees it represent, so "part of" a tree object may die.),
k = annual decay rate (%)

For biomass decay, the same function form is used, but "V" is substituted with "B" and another value for decay rate k is used. Parameter k is set in the Dead wood control table, parameters Decomposition Rate Biomass and Decomposition Rate Volume, respectively. Different k-values kan be set for different tree species.

Control table parameter Min Density determines at what density the dead wood is no longer discoverable or practically measurable. If the density is less than thi value the volume and biomass is removed.

Control table parameter Min Diameter (Dead wood) represents the minimum diameter for which trees to be included in the summary results, for those that used miniumum diameter as criteria, see Dead Wood Results

Control table parameter Proportion Dead Wood Collected determines whether some of the mortality is removed from the forest.

Initial dead wood

If the amount of dead wood has been inventoried, it can be loaded from the database. To accomplish this, set control table parameter Initial deadwood = Database (default).

Dead wood from stand register data

If you are using a stand register as input data there are columns available for entering the current amount of dead wood (volume per ha). There are also columns for volume in each decay class, see DeadWoodTotal, DeadWoodDecayClass1, etc. in the stand register specification. Please note that column DeadWoodDecayClass1 corresponds to result variable DeadWoodDecayClass0, column DeadWoodDecayClass2 to DeadWoodDecayClass1, and so forth. This apparent inconsistence in decay class indexing only applies to the naming of the stand register columns (originally a mistake but too late to change), in all other cases the first decay class has index 0.

Dead wood inventory

If you have an inventory of sample plots in which also dead trees and dead wood have been measured, you can add the data to the Excel sheet supplied (see Heureka Helpdoc, Import bestånd med provytor). There are specific columns for this, Status and DecayClass:

Status: 0 eller 1 = Living tree. (or no value); 2 = Dead standing tree;; 3 = Dead downed tree/log.

DecayClass

See DecayClass definition

Species

The species code for a dead tree is entered in the same column as för living trees. If the tree species cannot be determined the you can leave the Species-value empty or set to 0 (=Unkonwn). In that case Heureka is creating dead wood in proportion to the current species distribution of the stand.

Dead wood measured in NFI data

Dead wood is part of the Swedish NFI data and is included in those Heureka-databases to which NFI-data has been imported.

If current dead wood has not been measured

In case you do not have access to such data but still want to assume some intiial occurrence of dead wood, statistics from the Swedish NFI can be used by setting Initial deadwood = Simulate (in control table Dead wood). You can set three different levels for this; Low, Medium or High, see Dead Wood Simulation Level paramter in control table Dead Wood.

Depending on selected lewel, a certain amount of dead wood is created as starting point (year 0). This dead wood is allocated to the decay classes with a function that is also based on the National Forest Inventory data (see below).

Deactivate usage of initial dead wood

You can always set control table parameter Initial Dead Wood = None, whether you have imported dead wood data or not. Then the amount of dead wood in year 0 will be zero in a simulation.

Effect of clear cutting of the presence of dead wood

When clear cutting a stand there is a significant risk that much of the dead wood will be destroyed by harvesting machines.

If you control table parameter Enable Decomposition due to Final Felling is True (default), a certain (fixed) proportion of the dead wood volume in decay class 0, 1, 2 and 3 is assumed being destroyed and moved to class 4.

See ControlTable Dead wood for more settings related to Enable Decomposition due to Final Felling.

Proportion standing and downed dead wood

For each decay class, the proportion of the dead wood volume that consists of standing trees and downed wood, respectively, is retrieved from the table below. The table is based on Swedish NFI data:

Decay class	Proportion of volume that are standing dead trees (%)
0 and 1	61%
2	30%
3	9%
4	2%

In the results, there is no separation of standing and downed dead wood per decay class.

Default decay class distribution

If you import data on dead wood occurrence, but only for the total and not per decay class, a default distribution is assumed, based on Swedish NFI data:

Decay Class	Proportion of total dead wood (%)
0	13
1	17
2	20
3	23
4	27

Carbon concentration per decay class

Values are given as percentage (%) of dead wood dry matter. Based on Sandström et al. 2007 (Table 10)^[1]. Concentrations are close to 50 % but varies a between decay classes and species. At the time of writing, only data for pine and spruce was available, and therefore the concentration for other species was set to 50 %, for all decay classes.

Decay Class	Pine, Contorta and Larch	Spruce	Birch (and other species)
0	50.32	49.22	50.0
1	50.52	49.17	50.0
2	51.46	49.68	50.0
3	51.46	50.81	50.0
4	52.23	51.27	50.0

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Sandström, F., Petersson, H., Kruys, N., & Ståhl, G. (2007). Biomass conversion factors (density and carbon concentration) by decay classes for dead wood of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Betula spp. in boreal forests of Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume: 243, Number: 1, pp 19-27. http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/8937/1/sandstrom_et_al_120612.pdf

[SandstromEtAl2007-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Sandström, F., Petersson, H., Kruys, N., & Ståhl, G. (2007). Biomass conversion factors (density and carbon concentration) by decay classes for dead wood of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Betula spp. in boreal forests of Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume: 243, Number: 1, pp 19-27. http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/8937/1/sandstrom_et_al_120612.pdf

[1]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Result variables for dead wood==
-Den beräknade förekomsten av död ved redovisas under [[Dead Wood Results|resultatgruppen Dead Wood]]. Förekomst av kol i den döda veden redovisas både i den gruppen och i resultatgruppen [[Carbon and Nitrogen Results|Carbon and Nitrogen]].
+The calculated occurence of dead wood volumes and carbon in dead wood is presented in [[Dead Wood Results|the Dead Wood Results]] group. Occurrence of carbon in dead wood is also presented in the [[Carbon and Nitrogen Results|Carbon and Nitrogen]] result group.
-==Nedbrytningsklasser==
+==Decay classes==
-{{Definition:DecayClass/sv}}
+{{Definition:DecayClass}}
-<!--
-I Heureka används Riksskogstaxeringens fem nedbrytningsklasser för död ved (http://heurekaslu.org/mw/images/3/36/RIS_Falt.pdf, avsnitt 7:28):
-{| {{table}} width = "60%"
-| align = "left" width = "10%" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Nedbrytningsklass'''
-| align="left" width = "90%" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Beskrivning'''
-|-valign = "top"
-| 0|| Rå ved. Åsätts exv. färska vindfällen så länge gröna barr eller blad finns kvar. Dessutom klassas träd med rått kambium som rå ved även om levande barr eller blad saknas
-|-valign = "top"
-| 1|| Hård död ved. Om stammens volym består till mer än 90 % av hård död ved med en tillika hård mantelyta. Stammen ska vara mycket lite påverkad av vednedbrytande organismer.
-|-valign = "top"
-| 2|| Något nedbruten död ved. Om stammens volym består till 10-25 % av mjuk ved. Resterande andel utgörs av hård ved. Redskap, t.ex. en jordsond, kan tryckas genom mantelytan men ej genom hela splintveden.
-|-valign = "top"
-| 3|| Nedbruten död ved. Om stammens volym består till 26-75 % av mjuk eller mycket mjuk ved.
-|-valign = "top"
-| 4|| Mycket nedbruten död ved. Om stammens volym består till 76-100 % av mjuk eller mycket mjuk ved. Redskap, t.ex. jordsond, kan tryckas genom hela stammen. Dock kan hård kärna förekomma.
-|-
-|
-|}
--->
-Vid framskrivning i Heureka bestäms klasserna utifrån beräknad densitet, som i sin tur bestäms utifrån beräknad biomassa och beräknad volym. Densitetsvärde för de olika klasserna finns beskrivna i Sandström et al. (2007)
+In Heureka the allocation of dead wood to different decay classes are based on calculated density, which depends on volume and biomass that are subject to different decay rate (see next section).
-==Nedbrytningshastighet för död ved==
+==Decay rates for dead wood==
-Död ved tillförs kontinuerligt från den mortalitet som beräknas. Förekomsten av död ved i en viss tidsperiod beror dels på mortaliteten under den senaste perioden, dels på hur den befintliga döda veden i den föregående perioden bryts ner. Död ved klassas in i olika nedbrytningsklasser beroende på beräknad densitet (Sandström et al 2007). Antalet redovisade nedbrytningsklasser är fem, men internt i systemet används tio densitetsklasser (varje redovisningsklass delas upp i två delklasser) för att öka detaljeringsgraden vid beräkningen av nedbrytningen. Densiteten beräknas som kvoten mellan den döda vedens biomassa (torrsubstans) och dess volym. Detta görs för varje densitetsklass (uppdelat på trädslagsgrupperna gran, tall och löv), och vid varje period räknas en ny kvot ut för varje klass, vilket medför att volymen i en klass kan flyttas till en ny nedbrytningsklass från en period till nästa.
+Dead wood is continuously supplied from the mortality calculated. The presence of dead wood in a certain period of time is partly due to mortality during the latest period, and the decay rate of the existing dead wood in the previous period. Dead wood is classified into different decay classes depending on the calculated density <ref name = "SandstromEtAl2007"></ref>. Five decay classes are reported as results, but internally in the system ten density classes are used (each accounting class divided into two subclasses) to increase the degree of detail in the decay calculations. The density is calculated as the ratio between the dead wood biomass (dry matter) and its volume. This is done for each density class (divided into species groups of spruce, pine and leaf). In every time period, a new quota is caluclated for each class, which means that the volume in a class can be transferred to a new decay class from one period to the next.
-Nedbrytningsfunktionerna har formen:
+The decay functions have the following form:
 <br><math>V_t = V_{t_0} \cdot (1-a) e^{-k(t-t_0)}</math>
-där
+where
-<br>''V<sub>t</sub>'' = volymen år ''t'',
+<br>''V<sub>t</sub>'' = volume at time ''t'',
-<br>''t<sub>0</sub>'' = år då trädet dog,
+<br>''t<sub>0</sub>'' = year when the tree died,
-<br>V<sub>t<sub>0</sub></sub> = volymen då trädet dog,
+<br>V<sub>t<sub>0</sub></sub> = tree volume when the tree died (excluding branches, stumps and roots),
-<br>''a'' = andel av döda träd (träd som dött under perioden) som tas tillvara,
+<br>''a'' = proportion of the tree that died during the period that is [[ControlTable Dead wood#Min Density|collected]]. Note that each tree is handled as a type tree with a weight for the number of trees it represent, so "part of" a tree object may die.),
-<br>''k'' = årlig nedbrytningshastighet (% som bryts och försvinner varje år)
+<br>''k'' = annual decay rate (%)
-För biomassa är funktionsformen densamma, men "V" byts ut mot "B" och ett annat värde används för nedbrytningshastigheten (k). Denna parameter finns i kontrolltabellen Dead wood under DecompisitionRateBiomass resp. DecompostionRateVolume. Olika k-värden kan anges för tall, gran och lövträd.
+For biomass decay, the same function form is used, but "V" is substituted with "B" and another value for decay rate ''k'' is used. Parameter ''k'' is set in the [[ControlTable Dead wood| Dead wood control table]], parameters [[ControlTable Dead wood| Decomposition Rate Biomass]] and[[ControlTable Dead wood| Decomposition Rate Volume]], respectively. Different ''k''-values kan be set for different tree species.
-MinDensity i kontrolltabellen anger vid vilken densitet som död ved antas inte längre kunna upptäckas eller vara mätbar. Om densiteten i en nedbrytningsklass underskrider detta värde tas den bort från redovisningen.
+Control table parameter [[ControlTable Dead wood#Min Density|Min Density]] determines at what density the dead wood is no longer discoverable or practically measurable. If the density is less than thi value the volume and biomass is removed.
-MinDiameter i kontrolltabellen anger minsta diameter för hur små döda träd som ska tas med i beräkningen av förekomsten av död ved.
+Control table parameter [[ControlTable Dead wood#Min Density|Min Diameter (Dead wood)]] represents the minimum diameter for which trees to be included in the summary results, for those that used miniumum diameter as  criteria, see [[Dead Wood Results]]
-ProportionDeadWoodCollected i kontrolltabellen anger hur stor andel av mortaliteten som sker under i en period som tas tas tillvara och inte kommer att stanna kvar i ett bestånd som död ved.
+Control table parameter [[ControlTable Dead wood#Min Density|Proportion Dead Wood Collected]] determines whether some of the mortality is removed from the forest.
-==Ingående död ved==
+==Initial dead wood==
-Om mängden död ved har inventerats kan den läsas in från databasen. Då sätter man kontrolltabellparametern Initial dead wood = Database (standardval).
+If the amount of dead wood has been inventoried, it can be loaded from the database. To accomplish this, set control table parameter Initial deadwood = Database (default).
-====Död ved i beståndsregister====
+====Dead wood from stand register data====
-Om du använder [{{HeurekaHelpLink}}importera_bestandsregister.htm beståndsregisterdata som indata] finns det kolumner för att ange ingående mängd död ved (volym per ha). Det finns även kolumner för att ange hur mycket död ved som det finns i varje nedbrytningsklass. Se kolumnerna [[StandRegisterFileSpecification#DecayClassStandRegCols|DeadWoodTotal, DeadWoodDecayClass1, osv.]] i [[StandRegisterFileSpecification | specification för beståndsregister]]. Noterar att kolumnen DeadWoodDecayClass1 motsvarar resultatvariabeln [[Dead_Wood_Results|DeadDecayClass0]], kolumnen DeadWoodDecayClass2 motsvarar resultatvariabeln [[Dead_Wood_Results|DeadDecayClass1]], osv. Detta gäller enbart vid import av beståndsregister, i övriga fall är den första nedbrytningsklassen index 0.
+If you are using a [{{HeurekaHelpLinkEng}}importera_bestandsregister.htm stand register] as input data there are columns available for entering the current amount of dead wood (volume per ha). There are also columns for volume in each [[Definition:DecayClass | decay class]], see [[StandRegisterFileSpecification#DecayClassStandRegCols|DeadWoodTotal, DeadWoodDecayClass1, etc.]] in the [[StandRegisterFileSpecification | stand register specification]]. Please note that column DeadWoodDecayClass1 corresponds to result variable [[Dead_Wood_Results|DeadWoodDecayClass0]], column DeadWoodDecayClass2 to [[Dead_Wood_Results|DeadWoodDecayClass1]], and so forth. This apparent inconsistence in decay class indexing only applies to the naming of the stand register columns (originally a mistake but too late to change), in all other cases the first decay class has index 0.
-====Död ved inventerad på provytor====
+====Dead wood inventory====
-Om du importerar klavträdsdata med den mall som tillhandahålls (se [{{HeurekaHelpLink}}importera_bestand_med_provytor.htm Heurekas hjälpdokumementation, Importera bestånd med provytor]), finns det särskila kolumner i fliken Tree för att registrera döda träd:
+If you have an inventory of sample plots in which also dead trees and dead wood have been measured, you can add the data to the Excel sheet supplied (see [{{HeurekaHelpLinkEng}}importera_bestand_med_provytor.htm Heureka Helpdoc, Import  bestånd med provytor]). There are specific columns for this, Status and DecayClass:
-;Species:
-Trädslag för dött träd anges i samma kolumn (Species) som för levande träd. Om trädslaget är okänt sätter du Species-fältet = 0 eller lämnar det tomt. Då skapas död ved i proportion till beståndets ingående trädslagsfördelning.
 ;Status
-:0 eller 1 = Levande träd. (gäller även om inget värde anges)
+:0 eller 1 = Living tree. (or no value)
-:2 = Dött stående träd;
+:2 = Dead standing tree;
-:3 = Dött liggande träd/låga.
+:3 = Dead downed tree/log.
 ;DecayClass:
-Se [[Definition:DecayClass | DecayClass definition]]
+See [[Definition:DecayClass | DecayClass definition]]
-====Död ved i Riksskogstaxeringsdata (Rikstaxdata)====
+;Species:
-Död ved inventeras vid provyteinventeringarna och finns med i de Heureka-databaser dit Rikstax-data har importerats.
+The species code for a dead tree is entered in the same column as för living trees. If the tree species cannot be determined the you can leave the Species-value empty or set to 0 (=Unkonwn). In that case Heureka is creating dead wood in proportion to the current species distribution of the stand.
-====Om förekomst av död ved inte har inventerats====
+====Dead wood measured in NFI data====
-Om man inte har tillgång till sådana data kan man används statistisk från Riksskogstaxeringen. Då sätter man Initial dead wood = Simulate. Man kan ange tre olika nivåer på denna, Low, Medium eller High. Beroende på vad man väljer tilldelas varje bestånd en viss mängd död ved i startperioden. Low = 2.15, Medium = 4.3, och High = 8.6 m3sk/ha. Denna döda ved fördelas på nedbrytningsklasser med en funktion som också baseras på Riksskogstaxeringens data (se [[#DecayClassDefaultDist|nedan]]).
+Dead wood is part of the Swedish NFI data and is included in those Heureka-databases to which NFI-data has been imported.
-==Avaktivera inläsning av inventerad död ved==
+====If current dead wood has not been measured====
-Du kan alltid välja Initial Dead Wood = None, och då antas att det inte finns någon död ved vid starttidpunkten.
+In case you do not have access to such data but still want to assume some intiial occurrence of dead wood, statistics from the Swedish NFI can be used by setting Initial deadwood = Simulate (in [[ControlTable Dead wood#Simulation level|control table Dead wood]]). You can set three different levels for this; Low, Medium or High, see [[ControlTable Dead wood#Simulation level|Dead Wood Simulation Level paramter]] in control table Dead Wood.
-==Påverkan av slutavverkning på förekomsten av död ved==
+Depending on selected lewel, a certain amount of dead wood is created as starting point (year 0). This dead wood is allocated to the decay classes with a function that is also based on the National Forest Inventory data (see [[#DecayClassDefaultDist | below]]).
-I samband med slutavverkning finns stor risk att mycket av den döda veden förstörs av markberedning och av avverkningsmaskinerna.
-Om du låter Enable decomposition due to Final Felling vara True (default), kommer en del av den döda veden som finns i klass 0, 1, 2 och 3 att nästan helt förstöras och placeras i klass 4. För klass 0-3 flyttas en lika stor andel av det som fanns i varje klass före slutavverkningen.
+==Deactivate usage of initial dead wood==
+You can always set control table parameter [[ControlTable Dead wood#Initial Dead Wood | Initial Dead Wood]] = None, whether you have imported dead wood data or not. Then the amount of dead wood in year 0 will be zero in a simulation.
+==Effect of clear cutting of the presence of dead wood==
+When clear cutting a stand there is a significant risk that much of the dead wood will be destroyed by harvesting machines.
+If you control table parameter [[ControlTable Dead wood#Enable Decomposition due to Final Felling|'''Enable Decomposition due to Final Felling''']] is True (default), a certain (fixed) proportion of the dead wood volume in decay class 0, 1, 2 and 3 is assumed being destroyed and moved to class 4.
+See [[ControlTable Dead wood]] for more settings related to '''Enable Decomposition due to Final Felling'''.
+<!--
 Decomp. Final Felling No Soil Preparation anger hur stor andel av den döda veden i klass 0-3 som förstörs (och överförs till klass 4) när beståndet slutavverkas men ingen markberedning görs. Detta är således den påverkan på den döda veden som själva slutavverkningsingreppet orsakar, och den är per default låg i förhållande till markberedningen.
@@ Line 92: / Line 78: @@
 Decomp. Set-Asides No Soil Preparation anger hur stor andel av den döda veden i klass 0-3 som förstörs (och överförs till klass 4) på en hänsynsyta när huvudbeståndet slutavverkas men ingen markberedning görs
+-->
-==Stående och liggande död ved==
+==Proportion standing and downed dead wood==
-För varje redovisningsklass beräknas hur stor andel av den döda veden som utgörs av stående respektive liggande döda träd eller stockar, vilket baserat på statistik från Riksskogstaxeringen:
+For each decay class, the proportion of the dead wood volume that consists of standing trees and downed wood, respectively, is retrieved from the table below. The table is based on Swedish NFI data:
 {| {{table}}
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Nedbrytningsklass'''
+| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Decay class&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''
-| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Andel av volymen som utgörs av stående döda träd'''
+| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Proportion of volume that are standing dead trees (%)'''
 |-
-| 0 och 1||61%
+| 0 and 1||61%
 |-
 | 2||30%
@@ Line 110: / Line 97: @@
 |
 |}
+In the [[Dead Wood Results|results]], there is no separation of standing and downed dead wood ''per decay class''.
+<!--
+==Proportion standing and downed dead wood==
+The proportion of dead wood that consists of downed logs vs. stand trees are handled as constant for a given decay class. Based on statistics from the Swedish NFI-data.
+{| {{table}} width = 400px
+| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 10%;"|'''Decay Class'''
+| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 20%;"|'''Proportion downed logs (%)'''
+|-
+| 0|| 39
+|-
+| 1|| 39
+|-
+| 2|| 70
+|-
+| 3|| 91
+|-
+| 4|| 98
+|-
+|} -->
 <div id="DecayClassDefaultDist"></div>
-==Fördelning över nedbrytningsklasser om indata saknas==
+==Default decay class distribution==
-Om du importerar inventeringsdata för död ved, men endast totalmängden och inte nedbrytningsklass, antas följande fördelning baserat på Riksskogstaxeringsdata:
+If you import data on dead wood occurrence, but only for the total and not per decay class, a default distribution is assumed, based on Swedish NFI data:
 {| {{table}} width = 400px
-| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 10%;"|'''Nedbrytningklass'''
+| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 10%;"|'''Decay Class'''
-| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 20%;"|'''Andel av total volym död ved (%)'''
+| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 20%;"|'''Proportion of total dead wood (%)'''
 |-
 | 0|| 13
@@ Line 130: / Line 137: @@
 |}
-==Förekomst av kol i död ved==
+==Carbon concentration per decay class==
-Förekomst av kol i död ved beräknas utifrån en given koncentration av biomassan (torrsubstans). Koncentrationerna är i stort sett 50 % men varierar något mellan trädslag och nedbrytningsklasser (Sandström m.fl. 2007 (Tabell 10)<ref name = "SandstromEtAl2007">{{:Bibliografi:SandstromEtAl2007}}</ref>. Förutom för tall och gran fanns vid skrivande stund inga uppgifter, och koncentrationen har därför satts till 50 % för övriga trädslag.
+Values are given as percentage (%) of dead wood dry matter. Based on Sandström et al. 2007 (Table 10)<ref name = "SandstromEtAl2007">{{:Bibliografi:SandstromEtAl2007}}</ref>. Concentrations are close to 50 % but varies a between decay classes and species. At the time of writing, only data for pine and spruce was available, and therefore the concentration for other species was set to 50 %, for all decay classes.
 {| {{table}}
-| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 10%;"|'''Nedbrytningsklass''
+| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 10%;"|'''Decay Class'''
-| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 20%;"|'''Tall, contorta och lärl'''
+| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 20%;"|'''Pine, Contorta and Larch'''
-| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 20%;"|'''Gram'''
+| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 20%;"|'''Spruce'''
-| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 20%;"|'''Övriga trädslag'''
+| align="left" style="background:#f0f0f0;width: 20%;"|'''Birch (and other species)'''
 |-
 | 0||50.32 ||49.22 ||50.0
@@ Line 150: / Line 157: @@
 |}
-I resultatredovisningen görs dock ingen särredovisning per nedbrytningsklass för stående och liggande död ved, utan dessa summeras över nedbrytningsklasser (se Resutlatvariabler nedan).
+==References==
-==Referenser==
 <references />